Engaging in argument from evidence in 9–12 builds on K–8 experiences and progresses to using appropriate and sufficient evidence and scientific reasoning to defend and critique claims and explanations about natural and designed worlds. Arguments may also come from current scientific or historical episodes in science.

• Evaluate the claims, evidence, and reasoning behind currently accepted explanations or solutions to determine the merits of arguments.
• Evaluate the evidence behind currently accepted explanations to determine the merits of arguments.
• Make and defend a claim based on evidence about the natural world that reflects scientific knowledge, and student-generated evidence.
• Evaluate the evidence behind currently accepted explanations or solutions to determine the merits of arguments.
• Construct an oral and written argument or counter-arguments based on data and evidence.
• Evaluate competing design solutions to a real-world problem based on scientific ideas and principles, empirical evidence, and logical arguments regarding relevant factors (e.g. economic, societal, environmental, ethical considerations).