NMAH Photographic History Collection
Smithsonian Staff
#nmahphc
The Photographic History Collection (PHC) represents the history of the medium of photography. The PHC holds the work of over 2000 identified photographers and studios, about 200,000 photographs, about 15,000 cameras, pieces of apparatus, studio equipment and sensitized materials. The scope of the collection spans from daguerreotypes to digital and includes unidentified to well-known photographers, international and United States-centered objects, and familiar and experimental photographic formats.
The Photographic History Collection, now at the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History, was founded in 1896. The PHC was established by Thomas Smillie, the Smithsonian's first official photographer. Smillie established two photography collections ---the PHC and the Photo Lab which is now part of the Smithsonian Institution Archives, and he ran them simultaneously until his death in 1917.
The PHC uses the Smithsonian Learning Lab as a place to offer a view into the collection's rich and diverse holdings. What is presented here online is not the entire Photographic History Collection. This digital space is a work in progress. We started publishing to the Learning Lab in February 2020 and are adding and improving as quickly as we can.
How to use the Smithsonian Learning Lab to discover PHC collections.
- To see a list of photographer and maker names, go here [link to come].
- In the Learning Lab, the PHC's collections are organized into four groups: Photographer, Format/Process, Subject, and Cameras and Apparatus.
- The Learning Lab collection only contains objects that have images attached to digital records. There may be additional objects and record information found at collections.si.edu.
- The Learning Lab collection may only contain a sampling of images if the collection is substantial. Additional materials may be found at collections.si.edu.
- Email us if you are looking for something specific.
- Tip, use the tool that allows the user to see the collections alphabetically.
Collection Staff: Shannon Thomas Perich, Curator
Contact: nmahphotohistory@si.edu
General Keywords: history of photography, photographic history, photographer, photographers, portraits, landscapes, cameras, photographic equipment, studio equipment, fine art photography, experimental photography, digital photography, patent models, photographic studio, ephemera, documents, cinema history, early motion picture, photojournalism, amateur photography, photography exhibitions, commercial photography
Photographic keywords: daguerreotype, calotype, salted paper print, gelatin silver print, tintype, ferrotype, ambrotype, collodion on glass, glass plate negative, platinum print, platinum-palladium print, photographs on fabric, cyanotype, cased images, ivorytype, stereoview, waxed paper negative, hologram, lenticular, Kromograms, press print, photo jewelry, stanhope, micro photography
Additional research resources: In December 2019, research resources that had been held in the division were distributed to other Smithsonian units. The "Personality Files" that contained biographies, obituaries, exhibition announcements, and such were absorbed by the Smithsonian Library NPG/AA branch; the list of subjects can be found here [link to come]. The "Archives Reference Files" that contained information about companies, products, and occasionally processes, were absorbed into the trade literature collection at the National Museum of American History branch of the Smithsonian Library. The Science Service images and files, the divisions's exhibition history files, personal files, correspondence files, and more can be found at the Smithsonian Archives.
NMAH Photographic History Collection's collections
Subject: Movie and Film Stars #nmahphc
<p>This is an assortment of photographs of headshots, stills, and film promotion photographs. Photographers include Clarence Bull, Herbert Mitchell, and Nickolas Muray. The primary date range is from the 1920s to the 1950s, although there are eight photographs of Mary Pickford from the 1910s.<br></p>
<p>Studios represented include, RKO, MGM, Warner Bros., Paramount, Columbia Pictures and Culver Pictures.</p>
<p>Additional Learning Lab collections with PHC objects include<em> Movie Making </em>with photographs related to film and movie production and <em>Theatre</em> for photographs related to stage performances. </p>
<p>Keyword: actor, actress, film star, celebrity, headshot, movie still, motion picture production, autograph, famous people, culture makers, movie studio production, movies, films, motion pictures, cinema, movie history, film history, cinema history</p>
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Photographer: Erwitt, Elliot #nmahphc
<p>This is a selection from over 200 photographs by Elliot Erwitt in the Photographic History Collection. <br></p>
<p>Copyright held by Elliot Erwitt.</p>
<p>For additional images, search collections.si.edu.</p>
<p>Keywords: humor, national tragedy, dogs, reportage, fine art photograph, street photography</p>
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Subject: People with dolls #nmahphc
<p>This is a selection of photographs from the Photographic History Collection.<br><br>Keywords: girls, dolls, Christmas gift</p>
<p>For additional images, search collections.si.edu.</p>
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Photographer: Anderson, Paul L. #nmahphc
<p>This is a collection of work by Paul L. Anderson from the Photographic History Collection.<br></p>
<p>For additional collections, search collections.si.edu.</p>
<p>Keywords: platinum print, gum bichromate, gum over platinum, portrait of photographer, window light, bedroom, portraiture, portraiture of women, child with camera, Pictorialism, still life, photograph in garden, Yiddish newspaper, landscape photography, summer, photographs of children, side lighting</p>
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Subject: American Presidents and Vice Presidents #nmahphc
<p>This is an assortment of photographs from the Photographic History Collection of American Presidents and Vice Presidents<br></p>
<p>Please note, some of these photographs have copyright assignments.</p>
<p>Keywords: POTUS, President of the United States, president at rest, president at work, Oval Office, White House, press conference, president at play</p>
<p>Presidents: Ulysses S. Grant, Gerald Ford, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, George H. Bush, Ronald Reagan, Abraham Lincoln, John F. Kennedy, Richard Nixon, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Jimmy Carter, Lyndon B. Johnson, William McKinley, Franklin Pierce</p>
<p>Vice Presidents: Dick Cheney, Spiro Agnew, Al Gore, Hannibal Hamlin</p>
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Photographer: Hahn, Betty #nmahphc
<p>This is a collection of work by Betty Hahn and a portrait of her in the Photographic History Collection.<br></p>
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<p>Keywords: gum bichromate, photographs on fabric, hand-stitching, feminist art, women and art, experimental photography</p>
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Subject: Circus and Carnival #nmahphc
<p>This collection is a sampling of photographs from the Photographic History Collection of circuses, circus performers, carnivals, the midway, circus animals, carnival workers and games.<br></p>
<p>Sally Bordwell photographed the carnival in 1970s and Dawn Rogala photographed traveling circuses in the 1990s. </p>
<p>See collections.si.edu for additional images.</p>
<p>The Circus Collection includes the Photographic History Collection’s object holdings related to the history of circus from the end of the nineteenth to the turn of the twenty-first century. For the purpose of this finding aid, circus is defined as any activity relating to the staging and viewing of circus, sideshow, or “freak show” performances. The collection is primarily composed of thirty cabinet print and thirteen carte-de-visite photographs of performers in circus “freak shows.” Some of these prints are marked with the identities of the individuals depicted, including Chang and Eng, Siamese twins employed by the Barnum & Bailey circus and Tom Thumb, a famous performer with dwarfism. In a number of the photographs, the people who performed for the circus are accompanied by their families, or “normal” individuals to emphasize the distinctiveness of the performer. The collection also includes a photo album with twenty-three photographs of circus performers. These pictures show “freak show” performers, acrobats, and other individuals who may have performed in circus shows.</p>
<p>The collection also includes several books. In the handmade book, <em>Record of an Idle Summer</em>, Florence Albrecht details her summer activities and shares reflections on her time on the Jersey Shore in 1906. In the chapter “May,” the author describes the circus coming to town, including several photographs of circus tents, elephants, and a parade down the main street of the town. P.T. Barnum’s autobiography Struggles and Triumphs also exists in the Photographic History Collection. In the book, Barnum recounts his life’s endeavors, including his New York American Museum and eponymous circus. While there are no photographs in the book, there are a number of illustrations, including a portrait of P.T. Barnum based on G. K. Warren’s photograph, pictures of his museum and various aspects of his traveling show. There is a collection of gelatin silver photographs made in 1972 by Lesley Sussmann and Sally Bordwell documenting carnivals across the American South.</p>
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Photographer: Caponigro, John Paul #nmahphc
<p><br>This is a small sampling from more than fifty photographs and objects related to photographer John Paul Caponigro that are included in the Photographic History Collection. </p>
<p>The collection represents the scope of Caponigro's relationship with photography and digital tools, including some early equipment (an Epson printer he beta-tested, Photoshop 2.0), demonstrations of thought processes (pastel color studies, pen and ink composition studies), postcards (sent, unsent, iPhone camera used to manipulate images), and works on paper and metal. One work is a collaboration with his father, photographer, Paul Caponigro. Also of note, is Caponigro's portrait of Jerry Uelsmann (2005.0096.05).</p>
<p>Copyright held by John Paul Caponigro.</p>
<p>Keywords: digital photography, manipulated images, digital print, pigment print, dye sublimation on aluminum, postcards, Georgia O'Keefe, Jerry Uelsmann</p>
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<p>For additional materials, search collection.si.edu </p>
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Photographer: Adams, Ansel #nmahphc
<h2> The Ansel Adams collection in the Photographic History Collection consists of twenty-five photographs, all printed about 1968. All are gelatin silver, mounted, labeled and signed in ink by the photographer. The photographs include many of his most well-known images. The selection of images was made in collaboration between the collecting curator and Adams. The date range of the collection is 1923-1962.<br></h2>
<p>For additional images, search collections.si.edu.</p>
<p>Keywords: <em>f</em>-64 group, modernism, straight photography, gelatin silver print, Yosemite National Park, the American West, trees, landscape photography, seascape, portraiture<br></p>
<p>The first twelve photographs in the collection were purchased from Adams in December 1968. The other thirteen photographs were given to the Smithsonian from Adams in December 1968. </p>
<p>Ansel Adams (1902-1984) is one of the most well-known twentieth century photographers. His contributions to the field of photography include his innovation and teaching of the Zone System. The quality of his photographs set the standard by which many straight photographs are judged.
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<p>The works in the collection were used in a Smithsonian exhibition titled, "American Masters," January 26, 1974-September 1, 1975, in the Hall of Photography, National Museum of American History. The "American Masters" exhibition included recently acquired work by Adams, Lisette Model, Laszlo Moholy-Nagy, Minor White, Aaron Siskind, Harry Callahan, Jerry Uelsmann, Lee Friedlander, Wynn Bullock, Gyorgy Kepes, Paul Caponigro, and Diane Arbus. Adams had two previous SI exhibitions, one in 1931, and a traveling exhibition in 1956. There is no documentation stating whether any of these photographs were used in the exhibitions.
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Subject: Early Motion Picture Collection by Gatewood W. Dunston #nmahphc
<p>Gatewood W. Dunston (1908-October 18, 1956) was a motion picture projectionist and later, a collector and scholar of the history of motion picture technology who bequeathed his important collection to the National Museum of American History.<br></p>
<p>Keywords: motion picture history, motion picture equipment, motion picture apparatus, motion picture images, motion picture collecting, history of collectors, movie theater history, motion picture advertising, motion picture props, mutoscope, lantern slide, motion picture film</p>
<p>The Dunston accession, number 212314, included 864 items, comprised primarily of 294 theater slides, 162 stereo views, 150 lantern slides, 157 films, 59 early projectors, 6 editing machines, 6 posters, over 100 photographs and a mutoscope reel. Additionally, Dunston left his correspondence relating to the collection, which offers a look at this formative period in the historiography of motion pictures. The films, many of which were on nitrate, were transferred to the Library of Congress in the 1960s, but the remainder of the material was cataloged and is found at numbers 4994-5099 in the Photographic History Collection. The Dunston collection at the National Museum of American History remains one of the most complete and important showing the evolution and history of the motion picture projector, as well as the motion picture industry and art.<br><br>Dunston worked the projection booth at the Granby and Lowe’s Theaters in Norfolk, Virginia, where he lived until his death. He was a friend of the early Western star and actor, William S. Hart, and obtained a number of Hart films, posters and even a Civil War-era pistol used by the actor in his films. It appears that Dunston began seriously researching and collecting movie cameras, projectors and memorabilia in the early 1940s, through correspondence with film historians Merritt Crawford and Terry Ramsaye, early projectionist Francis Doublier and a number of movie personalities and machine manufacturers. He was disheartened by the deaths of many motion picture pioneers in the 1930s and 40s, and by his perception that the history of motion picture technology was fading into obscurity. Dunston collected 35mm and 16mm copies of notable silent films, old projectors and cameras, glass theater slides, a small number of mutoscope items and editing equipment as well as stereo views and optical toys. As his health deteriorated in the early 1950s, he was forced to sell off many of his films, which were on nitrate and posed a fire hazard, and he wrote a will that stipulated his collection be left to the Smithsonian National Museum’s Section of Photography, now NMAH’s Photographic History Collection.<br><br>This finding aid is one in a series documenting the PHC’s Early Cinema Collection [COLL.PHOTOS.000018]. The cinema-related objects cover the range of technological innovation and popular appeal that defined the motion picture industry during a period in which it became the premier form of mass communication in American life, roughly 1885-1930. See also finding aids for Early Sound Cinema [COLL.PHOTOS.000040], Early Color Cinema [COLL.PHOTOS.000039], Early Cinema Film and Ephemera [COLL.PHOTOS.000038] and Early Cinema Equipment [COLL.PHOTOS.000037].</p>
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Subject: The Photographer's Shadow #nmahphc
<p>This is a sampling of photographs in which the photographer's shadow is included in the image.<br></p>
<p>For additional images, search collections.si.edu.</p>
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Photographer: Kasebier, Gertrude #nmahphc
<p>This is a selection of photography by Gertrude Kasebier from the Photographic History Collection (PHC). The PHC is the only museum collection to hold a significant volume of her works of Native Americans.<br></p>
<p>For additional images, search collections.si.edu.</p>
<p>Keywords: platinum, gum bichromate, Pictorialism, Native Americans, artists, sculptor, motherhood, portraiture, photographic presentation, ledger drawings, side lighting, window light, grief</p>
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Subject: Native Americans BAE transfer #nmahphc
<p><br>This is a collection from the Photographic History Collection of portraits of Native Americans. These photographic objects were transferred in 1932 from the Bureau of American Ethnology (now part of the Anthropological Archive) to what is now the Photographic History Collection. They were among the first photographs collected for the Smithsonian Institution. <br></p>
<p>For additional images, search collections.si.edu<br></p>
<p>Keywords: Smithsonian history, indigenous peoples, First Nation Peoples, portraiture, cased images, ambrotype, daguerreotype, tintype, Thomas M. Easterly, John H. Fitzgibbon, peace medal<br></p>
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Subject: The Beach #nmahphc
<p>This is a selection of photographs from the Photographic History Collection related to the beach.<br></p>
<p>For additional images, search collections.si.edu.</p>
<p>Keywords (subject): beach, beaches, sand, shore, shoreline, boardwalk, ocean, sea, lake, bathing suit, bathing costume, swimsuit, sandcastle, Miami, Atlantic City, pier, dock, swimming, beach umbrella, tanning, tan line, sunbathing, tourism, vacation, holiday</p>
<p>Keywords (photography): snapshot, fine art photographs, documentary photography, souvenir photography, stereoview, stereograph, glass plate negative, advertising, press print, nude study, Pictorailism, Burk Uzzle, Rudolph Eickemeyer, Jr, Elliot Erwitt, Ray K. Metzker, Edward Weston</p>
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Cameras and Apparatus: Overview #nmahphc
<p>This is a sampling of cameras from the Photographic History Collection at the National Museum of American History. <br></p>
<p>For specific cameras and additional collections, search collections.si.edu or contact the division.<br></p>
<p>The Photographic History Collection holds a wide range of cameras, plate holders, tripods, illumination, sensitized materials (papers, plates, film, etc), printing and processing equipment, chemicals, studio furniture, and other accessories and apparatus related to picture making.<br></p>
<p>Types of cameras in the Photographic History Collection include:<br></p>
<ul><li>Aerial</li><li>Banquet</li><li>Box</li><li>Cell phone</li><li>Daguerreotype</li><li>Digital</li><li>Disposable</li><li>Folding</li><li>Field</li><li>Film (35mm, 4X5, 8X10)</li><li>Gun</li><li>Hidden </li><li>Instant/ Instamatic</li><li>Magic Lantern</li><li>Movie</li><li>Early Motion Picture (amateur, professional, commercial)</li><li>Multi-lens</li><li>Patent Model</li><li>Pinhole</li><li>Polaroid</li><li>Press</li><li>Prototype</li><li>School Picture</li><li>Stereo</li><li>Spy and subminiature (including toy)</li><li>Tintype</li><li>Tri-color</li><li>Twin-Lens Reflex</li><li>Underwater</li><li>Video</li><li>View </li><li>Wet collodion</li></ul>
<p style="margin-left:0px;">Cameras, apparatus, and/or studio furniture owned by the followed are included in the Photographic History Collection (excluding patent model associations):<br></p>
<ul><li>Thomas Armat</li><li>J. Ross Baughman</li><li>Mathew Brady</li><li>Chester Carlson</li><li>William Henry Draper</li><li>William "Doc" Edgerton</li><li>Rudolf Eickemeyer, Jr.</li><li>Tom Howard</li><li>Frederick Eugene Ives</li><li>Charles Frederick Jenkins</li><li>Edwin Land</li><li>Eugene Lauste</li><li>Morrison Studio</li><li>Samuel F. B. Morse</li><li>Frederick Mueller</li><li>Nickolas Muray</li><li>Eadweard Muybridge</li><li>Carl Mydans</li><li>Louie Palu</li><li>Addison Scurlock/ Scurlock Studio</li><li>William Henry Fox Talbot</li><li>Victor Keppler</li><li>Edward Weston</li></ul>
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Cameras and Apparatus: Leica Cameras #nmahphc
<p>This is a selection of Leica cameras from Photographic History Collection (PHC) at the National Museum of American History (NMAH). The PHC holds has a significant collection of Leica cameras, lenses, and accessories totaling more than 200 items including over 25 cameras from the 1920s to the 2000s. This Learning Lab collection includes a pdf finding aid for Leica cameras. Included in the PHC are cameras used by photojournalists Carl Mydans and J. Ross Baughman.<br></p>
<p>For additional collections, search collections.si.edu.</p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Keywords: Leica, Barnack, 35mm, photography, camera<br></span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0">From the finding aid written by Anthony Brooks:<br>Leica Cameras have a unique position in the history of 35mm film photography. The Leica was not the first still camera taking 35mm film. It was not even the first commercially successful 35mm camera, but it set the gold standard for all other 35mm cameras and turned 35mm cameras from toys into serious professional tools.</span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0">The 35mm film gauge was first introduced in 1892 by Kodak for use by Thomas Edison to make movie films. Edison quickly settled on a standard frame size (18 x 24mm) with four sprocket holes per frame. This movie standard has remained unchanged. The growth of the movie industry in the early twentieth century required large quantities of 35mm film. 1000 feet of 35mm movie film creates less than 20 minutes of movie images. Soon there was interest in using this film for still photography and after 1910, the first 35mm cameras appeared. Most of the early 35mm camera designs used the single frame 18x24mm format and many used lengths of film capable of taking a hundred or more exposures. The quality of photographs from this small format was often disappointing and the number of exposures was a deterrent to amateur photographers. A contemporary small Kodak vest pocket camera took larger negatives on an eight exposure roll and produced better quality prints. </span>The majority of early 35mm cameras were not commercially successful and are rare today. One exception was the American made Ansco Memo introduced in 1926 that for a few years had a dedicated following. However, the introduction of the Leica 35mm camera was to dramatically change the status of 35mm photography. </p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0">The Leica was designed by Oscar Barnack, an employee of the Leitz Optical Company based in Wetzlar, Germany. Barnack may have conceived the first Leica for test exposures in the 18x24mm single frame format. Test exposures were often taken to check the lighting set-up for movies and portraits. However, at some point Barnack decided to design a 35mm camera for photography in its own right. In order to improve<br>image quality Barnack used two single frames and thus the standard 35mm film frame was born. The PHC contains many significant items that represent the history of Leica cameras.</span> </p>
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Subject: Firefighting #nmahphc
<p>This is an assortment of photographs from the Photographic History Collection related to firefighting and firefighters.<br></p>
<p>For additional images, search collections.si.edu.</p>
<p>Keywords: fire, firefighter, firefighting, fireman, firemen, rescue, first responder, parade, helmet, safety gear, public safety, hero, fire house, fire wagon, fire truck, September 11, 2001, 9/11, Ground Zero, World Trade Center, tragedy, house fire, fire investigation</p>
<p>Keywords (photography): press print, daguerreotype, ambrotype, real photo postcard, chromogenic print, color photography</p>
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Subject: Farm Animals #nmahphc
<p>This is an assortment of photographs depicting farm animals from the Photographic History Collection.<br></p>
<p>For additional images, search collections.si.edu.</p>
<p>Keywords: farm animals, herd, flock, oxen, steer, cow, horse, pig, chicken, duck, donkey, sheep, ranch, farmyard, dairy farm, chicken coop, dovecote, plowing, farming</p>
<p>Keywords: real photo postcard, documentary photography, press photography</p>
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Subject: Night #nmahphc
<p>This is an assortment of photographs from the Photographic History Collection related to the night, made at night, night shift workers, and photographs made with experimental light at night.<br></p>
<p>For additional images, search collections.si.edu.</p>
<p>Keywords: moon, dark, lights, nighttime, sky, night shift, flashlight, fire light, camp fire</p>
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Photographer: Mather, Margarethe #nmahphc
<p>The Margarethe Mather NMAH Photographic History Collection consists of five platinum print photographs from the 1920s. Photographer Margrethe Mather was a model and source of inspiration for Edward Weston and an established pictorialist and a pioneering modernist in her own right.<br></p>
<p>For additional images, search collections.si.edu.</p>
<p>Keywords: women photographers, Pictorialism, platinum photography, palladium photography, Pierrot<em></em></p>
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Formats and Processes: Press Prints #nmahphc
<p>This is an assortment of press prints from a larger collection in the Photographic History Collection at the National Museum of American History. Press prints were distributed from news agencies, such as AP, UPI, Acme, OWI, and the Signal Corp, to newspapers for print publication. Many of the images have paper captions attached or have captions printed on the verso (back of the photograph). The captions may offer image, event, photographer, date, and other information such as when and where the photograph was printed. [Use suggestion, click on the image and follow link to "more info" to see if the verso has been photographed.]<br></p>
<p>The image content of press prints is wide ranging including breaking news, parades, celebrities, travel photography, crisis reporting, protests and marches, police activity, information distribution, and more.</p>
<p>For additional images, search collections.si.edu.</p>
<p>Keywords: visual culture, photojournalism, press photography, world events, national history, refugees, victims, honor, award, parade, march, protest, agriculture, industry, farmers, home building, maps, travel photography, portraiture, grief, war photography, horse racing, sports, fans</p>
<p>In the Learning Lab, for head shots and press prints related to entertainment, see <em>Theatre</em> and <em>Movie Still</em>s. There may be additional press prints included in the Learning Lab collection, <em>Protests, Marches, and Reform</em>. </p>
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Photographer: Muray, Nickolas #nmahphc
<p>The Nickolas Muray collection at the NMAH Photographic History Department includes six bromide and forty-six color-carbro photographs. They range in subject from commercial photography to portraits of famous individuals spanning from the 1920s through the early 1960s.<br></p>
<p> Additional photographs by Muray can be found in the Learning Lab collection containing stills of Hollywood movie stars.<br></p>
<p>For additional collections, search collections.si.edu.</p>
<p>Keywords: advertising photography, dance photography, performance photography, magazine work, color carbro photography, color photography, platinum photography, dancers, dance photography, food photography</p>
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Photographer: Blossfeldt, Karl #nmahphc
<p>This is a collection of works by Karl Blossfeldt from the Photographic History Collection.<br></p>
<p>For additional images, search collections.si.edu.</p>
<p>Keywords: art of nature, plant photography, biology, botany, trees, plants, flowers, succulents, photo mechanical, rotogravure</p>
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Photographer: Uzzle, Burk #nmahphc
<p>This is a collection of photographs from the Photographic History Collection of work by Burk Uzzle.<br></p>
<p>For additional images, search collections.si.edu.</p>
<p>Keywords: fine art photography, street photography, modernism, abstraction, humor, satire, architectural photography, women, couples, beaches, urban landscape, composition, The West, protest, motorcycle, diner, street view</p>
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