Mathematical and computational thinking at the 9–12 level builds on K–8 and progresses to using algebraic thinking and analysis, a range of linear and nonlinear functions including trigonometric functions, exponentials and logarithms, and computational tools for statistical analysis to analyze, represent, and model data. Simple computational simulations are created and used based on mathematical models of basic assumptions.

• Use mathematical representations of phenomena to support claims.
• Use mathematical representations of phenomena to describe explanations.
• Create a computational model or simulation of a phenomenon, designed device, process, or system.
• Use mathematical representations of phenomena or design solutions to describe and/or support claims and/or explanations.
• Use mathematical and/or computational representations of phenomena or design solutions to support explanations.
• Use mathematical representations of phenomena or design solutions to support and revise explanations.
• Use mathematical representations of phenomena or design solutions to support claims.
• Create or revise a simulation of a phenomenon, designed device, process, or system.
• Use mathematical or computational representations of phenomena to describe explanations.
• Use a computational representation of phenomena or design solutions to describe and/or support claims and/or explanations.
• Use mathematical models and/or computer simulations to predict the effects of a design solution on systems and/or the interactions between systems.